RIchard Nixon and The Water Gate Scandal Essay - 882 Words

Richard Nixon was president during 1969-1974 and was the first president to resign from office. During this time there was a scandal known as the Watergate Scandal. It was about five men who broke into the watergate building and stole secret documents. They were caught, but some people believe Nixon was involved. He may have even tried to cover up the investigation using bribes. Richard Nixon was born and raised in California in 1913 and died 1994. He was our 37th president of the United States of America. He also was vice president, senator, a member of the House of Representatives, and even served in the Navy during World War Two. He seems like he could have been a great leader, but could he have been a perpetrator of espionage. He†¦show more content†¦This proving Nixon’s and his re-election committee was involved in some way. Although he may not have been involved in the actual robbery, afterwards he tried to pay off the Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI) from looking into the case. Another group who was investigating the scandal as well were two reporters from the Washington Post named Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. From Woodwards notes we know the men carried surgical gloves and thousands of dollars in cash. One of his sources even said, â€Å"it was a professional operation.† It would have to be to break into one of our buildi ngs with the highest security. His notes also state that one of the burglars named James McCord was on the payroll of president Nixon’s re-election campaign. The next day, Nixon and chief of staff H.R. Haldeman privately discussed how to get the CIA to tell the FBI to back off from the burglary investigation. This proves Nixon was trying to cover up the investigation. Was it because he was the one who ordered the burglary? Who knows maybe it was or maybe he is innocent. The supreme court got involved and in 1974, they ordered President Nixon to hand over the transcripts of the tapes. A couple days after the House Judiciary Committee passed three articles of impeachment. Nixon was forced to give up the transcripts that clearly showed he must have took part in the cover-up. So how exactly was he involved in the cover up? Well for starters, after the break in he took severalShow MoreRelatedRichard Nixon s Political Career And General American Government864 Words   |  4 Pagespresident, the first president born in California. Richard Millhouse Nixon was born January 9, 1913 he who would eventually contribute to politics throughout his career. Nixon to most people takes recognition for his negative contributions specifically as a participant of the Watergate scandal. These involvements tend to overlook his entire political career that exists today at the Richard Nixon Library. However, with all the negativity surrounded around Nixon, events exist to further support his contributionsRead MoreLet s Talk Dick, By Richard M. Nixon Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesLet’s talk Dick. â€Å"Tricky Dick†, â€Å"Slick Rick†, Richard M. Nixon our 37th President. Born on January 9th, 1913, in California. He was a graduate of Duke University Law S chool. After serving in the Navy during WWII, Nixon was elected to congress. Soon after he won a seat on the Senate in 1950 and went on to become Vice President in the Eisenhower Administration. During his Vice presidency, he focused on foreign policy and later on a trip to Moscow, Nixon had an impromptu Debate with General SecretaryRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation1415 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican-American activists that change was possible. And was achieved without the foresight of congress. - Richard Nixon The Water Gate Scandal Richard Nixon believed the president was above the law. 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Any pardon will allow forgiveness to the party being pardoned. Controlling Congressional Powers The U.S congress is the national federal legislative body of the U.S of America. Meaning that Congress make the laws that effect ourRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1608 Words   |  7 PagesElected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, Kennedy became the youngest and first Roman Catholic president. He won the hearts of many Americans with his youthfulness and charming good looks. Kennedy won the presidential race against Richard Nixon in a very close race. John F. Kennedy s assassination occurred on November 22, 1963, in Dallas Texas, this caused much shock and heartache to many Americans because of the way he represented and took care of the United States. In his short timeRead MoreThe Butler Represented By The American Of An African American Man Essay2180 Words   |  9 PagesStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) protesting in Alabama. 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Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbecame psychotic and several others died from their injuries. Those passengers who were relatively uninjured set out to do what they could to improve their chances of survival. Several worked on â€Å"weatherproofing† the wreckage, others found ways to get water, and those with medical training took care of the injured. Although shaken from the crash, the survivors initially were confident they would be found. These feelings gradually gave way to despair, as search and rescue teams failed to find the wreckage

Diversity talking Free Essays

When we are talking In relation to diversity, we talk about the group who possess individual qualities that are diverse from our traits. Diversity is the uniqueness which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status, At workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes variation Indlvldudl by maxlmlzlng the otential of all employees or in which every employee feels included. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity talking or any similar topic only for you Order Now It means acknowledging that other people, other races, other voices, and other cultures have an equal claim on the world. Valuing diversity is the recognition that there are many ways of viewing the world, solving problems, and working together workplace diversity Is the differences people bring In an organization. It encompasses learning and Interacting with people who share different opinions, backgrounds from us and creating an environment w†¦ _ middle of paper _ †¦ ployees should be open-minded and treat others with dignity, respect, courtesy and onsideration and not tolerate harassment or discrimination. This creates a workplace that encourages learning and associating with people from diverse groups. With a diverse working environment and an equally diverse opportunity, the sky is the limit to what you can achieve during your career. In addition to a very Important requirement when people deal with diversity Is when there Is a promotion of d â€Å"safe† place for people to communicate (Koonce, 2001 Diversity is the essence of evolution. Right from the ancient times, it has been clearly evident that various races of the world interacted and traded with each other. Calling diversity as one ot the leading survival tactics ot the human race wont be an anomaly. It opens up the mind and dlmlnlshes the boundaries defined by set of authoritarians. Diversity Is eminent In nature. The diverse colours of Mother Nature, seasonal variations, existence of solar, lunar and planetary movements in harmony and in coordination are nothing but diverse expressions of the same. The myriad hues sync up in reverence and carve a picture so nice. Man Is a small constituent of this colossal cosmos. And as stated earller, diversity Is dn essence of the existence. Therefore It becomes Imperative to respect and greet the great variation present around. People hailing from different cultures, ethnicity, race, country or religion should be considered as a part of the ‘one society’ only. and unjustified behaviour expressed by a particular race towards the others. This behaviour is a denial of the God’s creation. In his infinite wisdom, he created people of all colours and creeds. On a scientific basis the colour of the skin depends upon the geographical and environmental factors. And in deeper introspection, it is the pigment melanin that determines the colour of skin. So, the main point is that nowhere in the description lies any factor that makes a particular race better than others. The anatomy and physiology of a human body are similar all over the world. Hence discrimination on any basis is unjustified and unacceptable. There are various cultures and religions that are followed in the present society set up. Everyone has the right to follow and express his religious beliefs in solidarity. Instead of making prejudices and demeaning people, try to embrace the goodness of each. No religion spread the message of hatred or communalism. It is the followers r the conservatives who modify the teachings according to their maligned thoughts. In the modern world the international boundaries are already shrinking. The increasing trade among the countries and the outsourcing of Jobs is an example. No country can survive on its own. Mutual collaboration among all parts of the world is mandatory. Even, those who claim to belong to first world have to depend upon the third world countries for a better market and manpower. The oil and gasoline needs are satiated by the gulf countries. In turn, all the modern facilities and exposure to evelopment is best in the developed countries only. Accepting the diversity is not only an option but compulsory for the sustenance of humanity. Accepting the diversity gracefully will help in building a congenial environment. It is the imminent duty of the older generation to understand and teach their younger ones the importance and acceptance of diversity present around. The base line is to warmly embrace the diverse cultures and religions and their teachings prevalent in the world. It will help to improvise the human race as a whole and will lead towards a better future for generations to follow. How to cite Diversity talking, Papers

Dissecting The Royal Tenenbaums Essay Example For Students

Dissecting The Royal Tenenbaums Essay This paper attempts to perceive the Tenenbaum family through interactions with each family member and describe the reasons for certain behaviors using patterns observed in research studies conducted on families. It theorizes that the family dysfunction present in the Tenenbaum family originates from Royal Tenenbaums absence and his wifes pressure on her children to become intellectual geniuses and talented individuals. The occurrence of these factors causes the adult Tenenbaum children to become stagnated in childlike states of mind, unable to cope with their emotions. First, the paper notes the family systems theory created by Murray Bowen. This theory is used to focus on the interlocking relationships between the family rather than individual characteristics. This allows the family to be described in terms of association with each family member. Royal Tenenbaums separation from his family is described as a cause for his childrens sense of abandonment and loss of self-esteem. Etheline Tenenbaum furthers the blow by being overbearing on her childrens future success instead of giving them time to be youthful. As a response to their parents treatments, the children fail to learn to live independently and are forced to move back home to learn how. Triangling between Margot and Richie Tenenbaum occurs as a method to reduce the tension between their relationship. Finally, Royal Tenenbaum plays a role in reversing the dysfunction of the family, proving that he had been the cause of the discord. Wes Anderson is a modern day filmmaker whose movies often observe interactions in dysfunctional family units. In Andersons film The Royal Tenenbaums, the source of family dysfunction derives from the absence of Royal Tenenbaum and Etheline Tenenbaums push on their children to succeed, leading to a childlike state in adulthood and the inability to cope with emotions. Through the family systems theory proposed by Murray Bowen and other research studies on separated parents, the behavior patterns witnessed in the Tenenbaum children are described as being a natural reaction. Finally, as a way to depict how Royal caused the dysfunction, Anderson reverses it through the change and growth of Royals character, revealing that the parents are the support system for the family; when they fail to fill their role, it causes the children to have psychological problems. The Tenenbaum family resides in a five-story house in Manhattan. The household is made up of Royal Tenenbaum, the father, Etheline Tenenbaum, the mother, and their children Chas Tenenbaum, Richie Tenenbaum, and adopted daughter Margot Tenenbaum. According to Murray Bowen, the family must be viewed as a unit or a network of interlocking relationships? (Kerr and Bowen p. ix). If a family was observed as individuals in a household, then the observations would only serve its purpose as a study of an individual person. By categorizing a family as a network, the interactions within the family can be described in relativity to the other family members. The thoughts, feelings, and behavior of each family member both contributes to and reflects what is occurring in the family as a whole ? (Kerr and Bowen 166). For example, when Chas moves back home, Margot hears of it and decides that she too will move back into her childhood home even though she is married. At this same time, Richie returns from his travels. This behavior of moving back into their mothers home reveals that the family is dependent on each other to the point where they cannot operate independently. There is a strong relationship between the transfer of general and emotional help and close proximity between adult children and their mothers ? (Compton and Pollack). The children rely on their old home as a place where they exhibit their talents. Before moving back home, Margot had fallen into a depressive state whereas she locked herself in the bathroom and refused to see anyone. She stopped writing her acclaimed plays. Yet by the end of the film, she has begun to write again. The same happens to Chas; following the death of his wife in a tragic plane crash, Chas has been living in a frustrated and panicked state of mind that he carries on to his two young sons, Ari and Uzi, forcing them to go through evacuation drills of their house and daily fitness exercises. By moving back home, Chas learns to let go and live. Richie also experiences the importance of family and setting when he learns to voice his feelings. The dysfunction existed in the family because the members influenced each other in negative ways. The children have to learn to be independent, something they never really achieve (Browning 41). Since the dysfunction left them unable to live independently outside of their childhood home, they must go back in order to learn and receive the emotional support that a functioning family provides. This proposes that they never really left home, (Browning 42) mentally or emotionally. The problem for the Tenenbaum family is rooted in the lack of presence of the father figure and the overbearing push for accomplishments from their mother. Royal Tenenbaum separated from Etheline when the children were in their preteens. The children exhibit pain and confusion through the separation; for example, Richie asks if they were the cause of the problem, to which Royal replies No, no! Obviously weve made certain sacrifices as a result of having children, but, uh, Lord no! This exchange of dialogue between father and children becomes the origin of the issues the family experiences. Royals response lacks confidence. This causes the children to believe that they are the root of the problem and the reason their parents are separating. From this moment, Royal is seen as an outsider to the family. During this period of identity development, the adolescent is preoccupied with what he or she appea rs to be in the eyes of others? (Denney and Martin). The only child Royal shows favor to is Richie because he earns money through the bets he places on Richies tennis tournaments. Malcolm X is a film directed by Spike Lee EssayIn Kerr and Bowens description of triangles, the Margot/Richie/Eli triangle follows a pattern of anxiety shift (Kindle Location 1834). Richie becomes frustrated with Eli because of his drug use and his incapability to keep Richies secrets safe. Margot realizes that she does not love Eli and tells him, to which he replies that he did not love her either, and that Richie had had feelings for her since they were young. The outsider to the triangle then becomes Eli, and the tension between Richie and Margot decreases, thus allowing them to confront one another. Margot and Richie decide however to not pursue each other because their relationship would be frowned upon by society as incest. At the same time Margot and Richie solve their tension, Royal Tenenbaum is realizing the role he played in creating the deep-rooted problems of the family. By residing in the household, Royal is able to cancel out his childrens negative characteristics by balancing them against his opposite traits. According to Bowens studies, One frequently observed pattern was that family members functioned in reciprocal relationship to one another (Kindle Location 139). Royal offsets Chas strict adherence to rules through his rule-breaking, Richies failure to say what he feels to sharing his thoughts regarding everyone and everything, and Margots quiet nature to his loud personality seen in his clothing and command of attention. Royal understands that it is his fault that his children do not know how to be independent. The children never had someone to listen to their problems when they were young and have pent up guilt for their parents separation. He reconciles with his family by paying attention to them and reacting to their dysfunctions. He advises Richie to go after Margot and disregard what society has deemed as unacceptable; he takes time and speaks with Margot, something he had never done when she was young, and learns about her; he explains to Chas that he needs to let his boys live as children so that his children will not harbor the same feelings against Chas as Chas and his siblings now feel against Royal. His final resolution with his family is represented in the presentment of a Dalmatian to Chas, revealing that Royal `did pay attention to his childrens interests, and through the signature of the divorce apers between he and Etheline, displaying that he cares more about her happiness than he does about her belonging to him. At the conclusion of the movie, the family is shown standing around Royal Tenenbaums grave. The script on the epitaph reads ?Died tragically rescuing his family from the wreckage of a destroyed sinking battleship  ¦Royal does rescue the family in a way, perhaps not in an act of wartime heroism but in making good the mistakes of his past ? (Browning 50). The Royal Tenenbaums is a film about family dysfunction and the interactions etween family members that caused the family dynamics. Royal and Etheline Tenenbaum cause the emotional instability present in the children through lack of presence and over controlling the outcome of their young lives. The origination of the problem suggests that parents are the emotional and psychological support for the family. If the support is unable to maintain its duty, then the structure will collapse, as seen in the Tenenbaum family. It is through the restoration of parental figures that the Tenenbaum children learn how to live independently. Bibliography: Works Cited Alexander, Sharon. Adult Children of Divorce.   The Ohio State University Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2011.  5000/ pdf/ Adult_Children_Divorce.pdf. Browning, Mark. Salinger Reloaded: The Royal Tenenbaums (2001).   Wes Anderson: Why His Movies Matter. Ed. Vincent LoBrutto. Denver: Praeger, 2011. 33-52. Print. Modern Filmmakers. Compton, Janice, and Robert Pollak. Proximity and Coresidence of Adult Children and Their Parents: Description and Correlates.   The University of Michigan Retirement Research Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2011. . Denney, Maria K., and Benny R. Martin. The Effects of Father Absence on Adolescent Self- Concept.   Adolescent Development: Current Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011. . Kerr, Michael E., and Murray Bowen. Family Evaluation. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1988. N. pag. Kindle Edition. Web. 26 May 2011. Nichols, Michael P., and Richard C. Schwartz. Family Therapy Enters the Twenty-First Century.   Family Therapy:Concepts and Methods. 4th ed. N.p.: n.p., 1997. 315-349. Print. The Royal Tenenbaums. Wes Anderson. Touchstone Pictures, 2001. Film.

Issues on Women and Homophobia an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Issues on Women and Homophobia 1. What issues involving straight women have been resolved since the 1920`s in the United States, and which have not? What do you see happening in the future, when and why? Need essay sample on "Issues on Women and Homophobia" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The battle for female suffrage culminated on August 18, 1920, when Tennessee became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote. Following approval of the Nineteenth Amendment, women made substantial inroads in political and economic life. Dr. Riesman in his study of the basic changes taking place in the American characters during the twentieth century (that is, from inner-directed to outer-directed) found that the growing pre-occupation with acts of consumption reflects the change. The women then were confronted with a host of new, varied and difficult problems of adjustment within a brief period of time. Women were lured to experiment and to try something new and not get stuck with the traditional ways of thinking and doing things. Back then in the 60s, the clothes that the old school hip hop artists donned were expressions of inpiduality but they even carried a purpose which was a functional one. Women spoke of a willingness to create a difference of their own despite several constraints. When one thinks of the identity crisis that plagues people, one is able to discern the connection between this genre and its lure on women then. Conformity comes in many forms and affects many aspects of peoples lives. People, having identified with many models, have incorporated many different characteristics. Now they must integrate, synthesize, and reorganize these, dropping some characteristics and strengthening others. A new, unique and coherent identity emerges, one in which, the whole has a different quality than the sum of its parts (Buszek, 1998). For women at that time, the circumstances all conspired for this art to flourish. Even if women were expected to maintain an unrealistic level of decorum, still, the women at that time were beginning to accept their own sexuality. They began to allow themselves sexual pleasures. This problem is compounded by old feelings that sex is immoral and dirty. (Such feelings are still very much with us even in these days of sexual revolution.) If a women, even unwillingly, still thinks of sex as bad, then it is sometimes easier to engage in it (to even enjoy it) is she can maintain the concept that it is the mans doing. She is just complying and its really for him This attitude is part of the history of what women were supposed to do and feel. But it does not match what she wants and achieves in other areas. There is an additional dimension to the sexuality seen in this, and in the philosophy behind the success of the women then. To be herself, expressing her sexuality, is the final confirmation of her new self which really exists. It will prove, as it were, that she really can be the person she is glimpsing now. It will allow her to tap all of her suppressed energies and direct them toward her goals. It will be, in a sense, dependencys end, and she is not quite ready to face it. It seems frightening but it is also too good to be true. It also means she is still asking a man to prove that her new self existsto give it his stamp of validation via the final test, his demonstration of interest (Buszek, 1998). For generations, women had been subjected to men. In the early 19th century, married women could not enter into contracts without their husband's consent. Women lost all title to property or future earnings upon marriage while their children were legally controlled by the father. Even women were often without recourse against kidnapping or imprisonment by husbands and other male relatives (McElroy, 1991). Women had no voice in what was going on around them, to what they wanted their lives to be, or even when it concerned their bodies. In the 19th century, the industrial revolution created a new middle class with wealth from land, trading, and factories. The middle class women took up Marie Gouze's ideals. This sparked the feminist movement. These women were educated, and it was obvious to them that there were rights they were missing. They saw how the men of their class had acquired these rights with the new found wealth. The goals of the Women's Movement in the 19th century were to get the right to vote, to achieve equality in property rights, access to education, access to jobs and fair pay, porce, and children's custody (Manzano, 1999). In the future, I think that for women to act and react out of their own being is to fly in the face of their appointed definition and their prescribed way of living. To move toward authenticity, then, also involves creation, in an immediate and pressing personal way. The whole fabric of ones life begins to change and one sees it in a new light. As one woman puts it, I keep seeing everything with a different meaning now. Most days I feel as if Im adlibbing my way through. I dont follow the script I used to know. For this new and much more intense personal creating, there are no certain guideposts. For some women, there may be anguish and anxiety, but there are also clear satisfactions and joys along the way, even before there is anything like a sense of completion. 2. What do you think are the main sources of homophobia in American culture? What is the situation today in America? regarding homophobia and what do you predict for the future, when and why? In todays society, many people suffer from homophobia due to lack of understanding of homosexuality. Throughout history people have constantly adopted discriminatory attitudes towards others who happen to be different from them. This is similar to the discrimination accorded to other cultures, races and members of lower social classes. The struggle of homosexuals to receive equal treatment is expected to go on, although support from liberals, the scientific and psychological segments of society greatly helps. Contrary to the conservative perspective that homosexuality is a choice, scientists contend that homosexual orientation results from biological, psychological and social factors, and is not a conscious choice that can be voluntarily changed (APA). In fact, many homosexuals, at the time they are beginning to discover their different sexual orientation, fight within themselves and try to change that sexual orientation without success. Indeed, homophobia is based on the prejudice towards those who are different. One of the sources is also the Judaeo-Christian religious tradition that opposes it. From its roots in religion, homophobia has been made into a decree as a law in many states and countries. (Kelly2005). Slowly but surely, gay people are recognizing their different roles in society, not based on their sexual orientation, but based on their inpiduality. In Vivienne Cass model of homosexual identity formation, the final step is identity synthesis, where the inpidual recognizes the support of heterosexuals and does not make sexual identity as the primary factor in relationships with others (Kort, Joe). As homosexuals progress through the coming out process, they realize the significance of their being, and not being fixated on the issue of sexual orientation. In the future, I think that it is true enough that homosexuals continue to face difficulties in gaining acceptance and equal rights as the next straight person, but members of the gay community are succeeding in developing a healthy identity despite all the discrimination surrounding them. There will be a lot of progress to uplift the status of homosexuals and to slowly foster equality, in so far as national legislation and general public perspective are concerned. However, the greater part of the work towards equality lies in homosexuals themselves. It is through their endeavor to be strong role models and be valuable assets to their communities that the stigma coupled with their existence is to be lifted. Major steps and changes would still be necessary before homosexuals are truly accepted into society. Education and information based on scientific and psychological research are key factors for heterosexuals to understand the realities and truth about homosexual orientation. This is seen to most likely lessen the prejudice against homosexuals. While a world without prejudices is still but a vision, homosexuals would do better by confronting the issues within themselves and not focus on what other people think. This would help them be better inpiduals worthy of acceptance in any society. WORKS CITED Buszek, Maria Elena. War Goddess The Varga Girls, WWII and Feminism Issue No.6 1998. Retrieved July 15, 2007 Kelly, Ryan. The Root of Homophobia. 2005. Retrieved July 15, 2007 Kort, Joe. Cass Model of Gay Retrieved July 15, 2007 at: http://www.joekort.com/PDF/cassmodelofidentityformation2.pdf Homophobia. Retrieved July 15, 2007 at: http://www.theocracywatch.org/homophob.htm Manzano, Y. Feminism before the 20th Century. From cwluherstory.com website. 1999. Retrieved July 15, 2007 at: Martignette, Charles and Louis K. Meisel, The Great American Pin-Up, (Spain: Taschen, 1996),16.

Use The School Culture Attachment To Reflect On The School You Work At

Use The School Culture Attachment To Reflect On The School You Work At Use The School Culture Attachment To Reflect On The School You Work At Or Have Worked At In The – Article Example SCHOOL CULTURE REFLECTION I have experienced school culture which relates to the various beliefs, attitudes as well as behaviorthat characterize a school. The school that I am currently leading has a number of activities and practices that have served in creating unity and harmony in the school among all the stakeholders who include teachers, students, parents and non-teaching staff. The measures that the school has adopted so as to ensure a proper culture is developed in the school include embracing of all ideas and thoughts from the various stakeholders by creating an environment that allows open communication and interaction. The school holds a joint stakeholders’ forum every year to allow each team to address their most pertinent issues that they feel are affecting the entire school fraternity through open and interactive communication. The school has realized the close connection that exists between culture and the academic achievement among the students. The school has a dopted The School Culture Triage Survey in measuring the status of the school culture. The survey adopted a number of questions such as examining the level of corporation and coordination among the stakeholders in solving administrative issues affecting the school. It further considers a keen look at the collegial relationships that is evident by whether people in the value working together and supporting one another. The school adopts this approach in ascertaining the level of cultural co-existence so as to improve the academic standards which forms the core goal of the school. Thus improving the culture of any school is key to advancing its goals as well as protecting its core values.

Business and Virtue Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business and Virtue Ethics Essay Abstract For the purposes of this assignment we will analyze the Mattel case and discuss the actions of the company regarding the behavior and actions in conjunction with the Global Manufacturing Process that was implemented. Breaches of the two business ethics elements of integrity and egoism will be assessed. Within the discussion I have identified the virtues prudence, justice, fidelity, and courage that were largely violated by the Mattel organization and how it affected the employees of Mattel. We will discuss the implications of virtue, deontological, and utilitarian ethics regarding their potential usefulness in evaluation of the Mattel case. Introduction Mattel’s concept of Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) was not a novel concept. The many forms of GMP including International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) have been around for decades and have worked to insure that specific industries are held to a standard that is industry wide. ISO’s model is â€Å"Say what you do, and do what you say†. When a company endeavors to become ISO qualified, it is required to document every activity (as a standard operating procedure, SOP) that occurs within the company and adhere to that process without deviation. ISO qualified companies are always subject to audit by other ISO registered companies and is initially audited by four such companies in order to acquire certification. Having been directly involved with ISO implementation at a former employer that supplied fasteners for manufacturing, I am fully aware of how involved the certification is. The company SOP was over 1000 pages. Additionally, another ISO company can and will come in and audit your company prior to electing to conduct business with your company. In some instances, ISO qualification is not enough to be awarded the business. The nutrition industry also adheres to the Good Manufacturing Practices, of which I was required to be certified in every year. Each department of the nutritional company I worked for had its own GMP standards that we were to adhere implicitly. The nutrition industry, while not regulated by the FDA, is controlled indirectly by the FDA. GMP is an FDA requirement. Having worked in two industries where the concept is not only expected, but required in some instances; I was not impressed by the fact that Mattel implemented GMP of their own volition for the sole purpose to improve public perception after misconduct was exposed by the media. Business Ethics Issue The one word that I found that resonates throughout the article, whether spoken or implied, is â€Å"integrity†. The incoming CEO stated that Mattel would behave in all actions with â€Å"unwavering integrity† and that the company’s commitment to the GMP remained unequivocal and undiminished. (Sethi, Shapiro, Emelianova, pg.490) Ironically, I identify the most noticeable and important business ethics issue as just that; a lack of integrity. Merriam Webster defines integrity as â€Å"the firm adherence to a code of especially moral value, the quality or sate of being complete or undivided, and the quality of being honest or fair. Mattel exhibited none of these traits insofar as where their GMP’s were concerned. In fact, there were numerous infractions regarding the non-enforcement of their GMP’s across the board in the Asia and Mexico based manufacturing facilities. The second ethics issue I identified was narcissism. Mattel implemented this GMP program with the attitude of ‘look at what we’re doing’ but with minimal effort to ensure the success of the program. According to Duchon and Drake (2009) extreme narcissistic organizations will establish these formal ethics programs but will not have much effect on hindering unethical behaviors. This was evident in that the supervisors at the factories knew what they were supposed to be doing; but found ways to circumvent the system and there were no reprisals as a result of their nonconformance. Ultimately, it was a program of words and not deeds. Three Virtues Prudence â€Å"Careful good judgment that allows someone to avoid danger or risks. † (M-W, 2013) In my opinion, a great deal of misfortune and hardship could have been avoided if Mattel would have practiced a modicum of prudence before ever moving their manufacturing to Asia. In a perfect world, and especially in a modern world we do not expect children to work. However, when dealing with underdeveloped countries; it is normal for children to work in conditions that would be an affront to any American’s moral nature having abandoned child labor decades ago. If Mattel had done due diligence, they would have known that the facility in Indonesia was operating in an unacceptable manner (Sethi, et al. pg. 486) and could have implemented working conditions and requirements from the get-go. Then the exposure by the media would have never been an issue. I have no doubt that the draw of paying lower wages and increased productivity was the catalyst to overlook the conditions in those overseas factories. Justice â€Å"The quality of being just, impartial, or fair. Conformity to truth, fact, or reason. † (M-W, 2013) The concept of justice was completely lost on Mattel. While the implementation of the GMP program was comprehensive; the execution and enforcement was unconscionable. The last paragraph of the GMP, exhibit 1 says that if â€Å"Mattel determines that any of its manufacturing facilities or vendors violate these principles, we may either terminate our business relationship or require that facility to take corrective action. If corrective action is advised and not taken, Mattel will immediately terminate current production and suspend placement of future orders. †(Sethi, et al.pg. 487). However, when audits were performed; the facilities were rife with infractions but there was no follow through when corrective actions were required. The facilities were allowed to continue to operate unhindered. Astonishingly, the 20 plus companies that were not owned by Mattel were allowed to operate without any disciplinary actions imposed by Mattel for infractions if any auditing was conducted at all. Considering the fact that both Mattel owned and vendor factories employ some hundred thousand plus employees; Mattel’s actions were nowhere near impartial, fair, or conforming to fact or reason. Fidelity â€Å"Quality or state of being faithful, accuracy in details. †(M-W, 2013) For this virtue, I am concentrating on the act of being faithful to the employees. Whether or not the GMPs were self-imposed or not, Mattel had an obligation to the people it employs. Throughout the article, it was found during audits that the employee’s time cards would systematically be incomplete where they were not being allowed to clock-out. This resonates that these people were being required to work overtime ‘off the books’. Employees were not being given the appropriate days off or vacation time. Some living conditions and canteen conditions were substandard. Fines were being imposed. (Sethi, et al. 2011) The list goes on and on. In my opinion, Mattel should have had impartial representatives on the ground in these factories to ensure that the rules for payment, working overtime, and work conditions were being upheld. There should have been constant supervision and vigilance on a corporate level. To think that audits that were being conducted every three years was comprehensive enough to get the job done was blind and narrow minded. Courage To go one step further. A virtue is an attitude. Courage is measured when there is risk involved; but also rationality. To be truly courageous there needs to be a clear picture of what a person’s values are. Courage does not need to be proven beyond a doubt. (Hartman, 2008) In the case of Mattel, I feel it was courageous to implement such a comprehensive GMP program although it was misguided and ultimately failed. An even more courageous act would have been to rehab the program and bring it to its full potential and fruition. The article does not mention whether Mattel experienced any loss of revenue as a result, but public perception is a fickle entity and once all of the attention over sweat shops and child labor overseas died down, Mattel was no longer under the microscope. Financially, Mattel was spending money it perceivably no longer needed to spend. Since their program was self-imposed; it is no surprise that Mattel just unceremoniously abandoned the GMP program after nine years. When some organizations implement and enforce codes as part of a self-regulation process and others do not, those who self-regulate invariably incur greater costs. These costs are usually passed onto the consumer who subsequently (and sensibly) choses the organization which offers the cheaper product. (Blackburn & McGee, 2004) Virtue Ethics â€Å"Virtues† are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. (Andre, Meyer, Shanks, and Velazquez. 1988) Virtue ethics indicates that business decisions should be made in a manner that attributes to the overall goals of the professional. It stresses activities and motives, what we do and why. Virtue ethics proffer that action and motive are connected to character and disposition. Actions are taken and decisions made because they are linked to a certain character. (Blackburn and McGee. 2004) â€Å"That â€Å"ought† does not imply â€Å"right† can be seen in another sort of case as well, namely, when what one ought to do in one’s circumstances results from one’s own prior wrongdoing. In such a case, doing what one ought to do may not be the same as doing a right act or a â€Å"good deed†. In fact, the same prior failure may both increase one’s level of obligation to do a given act now and decrease one’s level of praiseworthiness. † (Russell, 2008) The above quote is especially poignant in the Mattel case. Because Mattel implemented the GMP program on the heels of a media expose, the intentions were not solely based on the ‘right’ thing to do, but on what they ‘ought’ to do. Mattel probably did not get the recognition or good press they were looking for and therefore had no proclivity to ensure that the plan was a success. Utilitarian Ethics â€Å"Actions are approved when they are as such to promote happiness and disapproved when they have a tendency to cause unhappiness. † (Driver, 2009) We also know that utilitarian ethics work for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Mattel directly employs over twenty thousand people throughout Asia and Mexico. If the happiness of those employees would have been considered; the pay, working conditions, time off, and canteen programs would have never been an issue. If the executives of the company would have experienced any of those adverse conditions, they would have cried â€Å"foul† all the way to an attorney. The employees are ultimately left without a voice and no recourse. Deontology â€Å"To act according to the maxim that you would wish all other rational people to follow as though it were universal law. † â€Å"Never treat a person as a means to an end. † (Pecorino, 2000) Kant contends that where morality is concerned, it is guided by law and therefore judgment is not necessary to fill in the blanks, because there are no blanks. He believed that people can conform to duty and not be morally limited. He believed that we could use indeterminate action-guidance for imperfect duties, and I’m paraphrasing; to weigh the moral options for decisions regarding duty towards others. Because that decision requires the minimum of our morality. Kant rejected virtue ethics. (McAleer, 2001) My opinion is that deontology would not work in the Mattel case. There are too many variables to consider in order to narrow down the maxim that will be comprehensive enough to include thousands of people over a number of cultural variances. Conclusion While the design of Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles may have been well intended and meant to improve the working conditions of the employees, the implementation was short-sighted and poorly executed. All too often when the few aspire to set standards for the many, the end result is a miscalculation. GMP’s are not a one size fits all type of endeavor. Each facility should have had a program that was custom to their country and working conditions. The ethical treatment of employees was the intention; but the ultimate governance was not enforced. The aftermath was the abandonment of the program due to the lack of interest and participation on the public and other companies in the industry. References Andre, Claire, Meyer, Michael and S. J. , Shanks, Thomas, Velasquez, Manuel. (1988) Ethics and Virtue. Issues in Ethics, V1 N3. We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

7 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

7 Discussion - Essay Example In this way the individual relies on his or her character. Philosophers such as Plato, Hume, Aristotle etc have discoursed on virtuous character yet there seem not to be an agreement on exactly what ought to be counted as virtuous behavior. According to this philosophers virtue can only be equated to knowledge thus one who has knowledge and especially so the knowledge of good is regarded to have virtuous character (McMurray, 2000). The fact the children are born with no sense whatsoever of right or wrong it is prudent to assert that this good judgment is acquired from the society. The child will be taught by society members a number of mannerisms deemed acceptable such as honesty, respect and live in harmony with the existing systems. Without the society and culture would mean that the child relies on instincts thus will only have to act in a way that is likely to be beneficial to him or her. The society has also ensured there is a way to reward virtuous behavior thus encouraging its members to be virtuous. There are many moral stories and the like which give examples of individuals that have prospered in the society as a result of being virtuous. In the same way others are encouraged to live a virtuous life such that they are able to benefit in a similar manner. It is not easy to live a virtuous life thus there is normally some obstacles one has to overcome. According to some of the virtue theorist, it is easy for human beings to practice vice especially when the society is reluctant to punish the behavior and encourage virtuous living. It is for this reason that there are laws of the land and the justice system to encourage the people to live in harmony with one another. Alternatively there are those opposed to this theory citing the fact that character is in born. There are times when one has to rely on his character to perform some acts which the society is opposed to.